Sudan

Sudan sits at the crossroads of Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East. For most of its independent history, the country has been beset by conflict. Under the terms of a peace agreement in 2005, its southern states seceded, forming the Republic of South Sudan in 2011. In 2013, the outbreak of civil war in South Sudan damaged both economies depriving Sudan of much needed pipeline revenues. The war in South Sudan also precipitated an increase in Sudan’s already large population of refugees and internally displaced persons with Sudan now serving as a source, destination and transit country for irregular migration, including refugees and asylum-seekers using the East African North-bound migratory route through Libya to Europe (World Bank, 2019)